Out of these 34, six mutations were observed in other variants of interest or VOCs. In subunits of omicron named as RDB, NTD and S2, mutations are 15, 8 and 11, respectively. Spike glycoprotein is the main unit where mutations in VOCs accumulate. Domains present at the top of the spike protein are most often targeted by neutralizing antibodies 5. Perfusion trimer is thought to be destabilized by host cell’s angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor binding, which leads S1 subunit to shed and S2 subunit changing to helically elongated conformation, a pot-fusion change. The entry into the host cells is mediated by spike proteins that are highly glycosylated spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2. Many concerns have been raised due to the emerging nature of omicron variant, including the source of exposure, the effect of mutations in response to vaccination, host immunity modification in response to mutations, lethality and potency of spreading omicron 4. (v) The form of the omicron may also be due to low immunization rate of Africans in Africa 3. (iv) Animal reservoirs which are hidden may be the reason of very high rate of mutation in omicron variant. (iii) The ability of spike to connect on host cell’s receptor ACE2 due to increased spike protein mutation. (ii) At the time of the winter wave the introduction of the new variant in South Africa. For instance, (i) the potential for viral circulation among the chronically infected patients. Omicron variants have several assumptions postulated with respect to the probability of emerging patterns. An immense number of mutations recorded in omicron VOC in which the spike protein solely consists of 32 mutations, compared to the delta variant which was highly contagious but had only 16 mutations, as well as, NSP12 and NSP14, which are other viral replication proteins 2. On November 24, 2021, the World Health Organization reported the occurrence of omicron variant in South African countries and on Novemit was on the list of variants of concern. Omicron was discovered in early November, 2021 in Botswana. The World Health Organization has designated VOCs as alpha, beta, delta, and gamma, containing mutations having a certain set of characteristics. Since the start of the pandemic, several variants were discovered along with the variants of concern (VOCs) that have major mutations with increased transmissibility, severity of the disease and resistance to vaccine 1. The current study identified a Multi-Epitope Vaccine (MEV) as a significant vaccine candidate that could potentially help the global world to combat SARS-CoV-2 infections. Several computational tools were used to predict and analyze the vaccine constructed by using spike protein sequence of omicrons. coli using the SnapGene tool for the expression study and a good immune response was observed. The constructed vaccine was ligated in pET-28a (+) vector in E. Subsequently, vaccine structure was docked with the receptor and cloned in a pET-28a (+) vector. The epitopes were linked with 3 types of linker EAAAK, AAY and GPGPG for vaccine construction. Multiple epitopes were selected on the basis of toxicity, immunogenicity and antigenicity, and vaccine subunit was constructed having potential immunogenic properties. Through this approach, novel epitopes of the S protein-SARS-CoV-2 were predicted for the development of a multiple epitope vaccine.
The aim of the present study is to develop a particular vaccine exploiting bioinformatics approaches which can target B- and T-cells epitopes.
To avoid the risk of arising viral illness, the construction of a specific vaccine that triggers the production of targeted antibodies to combat infection remains highly imperative. The susceptibility to omicron variant by immunization-induced antibodies are direly required for risk evaluation. The World Health Organization categorized SARS-CoV-2 as a variant of concern, having numerous mutations in spike protein, which have been found to evade the effect of antibodies stimulated by the COVID-19 vaccine.
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